New methodology of tracking underground injection from CO2 storage, geothermal and other types of underground injection

Doctoral Candidate: Oleh Kalinichenko
Supervisor: Leo Eisner, Seismik
Host institutions: NTNU, CSIC
Output type: Literature review

Brief Summary of Research:
Studies of seismic noise reveal that noise levels typically decrease with depth, especially at high frequencies. Seismic noise can be divided into two main categories: high-frequency noise (above 1 Hz), primarily generated by human activities at the surface, which shows significant daily and weekly variation, and low-frequency noise (below 1 Hz), which is influenced by seasonal changes. Shallow subsurface deployments primarily impact high-frequency noise, while low-frequency noise remains largely unchanged.
Understanding seismic noise is essential for optimizing receiver placement, taking into account the physical characteristics of both noise and signal. This approach enables improved signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) without the need to place receivers in deep wells, which is economically unprofitable.
This study aims to solve the problem of determining the optimal receiver depth.

Key References:
Aki, K., & Richards, P.G. (2002). Quantitative Seismology. 2nd Edition, CA: Univ. Sci. Books, Sausalito, California.
Boese, C.M., Wotherspoon, L., Alvarez, M., & Malin, P. (2015). Analysis of Anthropogenic and Natural Noise from Multilevel Borehole Seismometers in an Urban Environment, Auckland, New Zealand. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105, 285-299.
Bonnefoy-Claudet, S., Cotton, F., Bard, P.-Y. (2006). The nature of noise wavefield and its applications for site effects studies: A literature review. Earth-Science Reviews, 79 (3-4) 205-227.
Bungum, H., Mykkeltveit, S., & Kvaerna, T. (1985). Seismic noise in Fennoscandia, with emphasis on high frequencies. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 75 (6), 1489–1513.
Carter, J.A., Barstown, N., Pomeroy, P.W., Chael, E.P., & Leahy, P.J. (1991). Highfrequency seismic noise as a function of depth. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 81 (4), 1101–1114.
Chmiel, M., Boue, P., Brenguier, F., Lecocq, T., Courbis, R., Hollis, D., Campman, X., Romijn, R., Van der Veen, W. (2019). Ambient noise multimode Rayleigh and Love wave tomography to determine the shear velocity structure above the Groningen gas field. Geophysical Journal International, 218 (3), 1781-1795.